Embracing the latest science and research, renewable energy is currently the fastest-growing global energy source, with an ambitious goal of achieving net-zero emissions. The speed and scale of its deployment will keep growing, driving the transformation of the energy markets. However, to achieve this goal, it is crucial not only to track the trend in the green power market but also to evaluate the energy portfolio and timely respond to the ongoing load and demand in the overall energy landscape.



On the pathway to large-scale renewable energy deployment, there are many techno-economic challenges ahead. These challenges include grid flexibility, transmission, and storage systems, as well as energy equity concerns and global energy market design. Complex issues such as resource access, environmental, market, and human behavior, policy regulations, and incentives are multidisciplinary challenges that require further research.



An economic balance between technologies and cost benefits for unexpected outages and seasonal mismatches is a decisive step on the pathway to a large-scale renewables transition. However, all these challenges will vary as a function of increasing shares of renewables in the power mix and cannot be solved by any single entity. There are no simple solutions on the pathway toward zero-emission goals.



Cross-disciplinary interactions and continuous re-evaluation are critical to guide the electricity industry and increase our odds of achieving decarbonization goals. Therefore, research and evaluation of the energy portfolio, techno-economic challenges, and policy measures are crucial for a successful transition towards sustainable and low-carbon energy systems. These research findings should be communicated and implemented in policy decisions to ensure that the transition is tailored to the needs of the local society, promoting a sustainable energy future for all.